比特派app官方链接|gens

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比特派app官方链接|gens

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2024-03-07 18:56:35

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Still around and looking to revamp the site hopefully - 14 March , 2021 Posted by Mysticales Hey all. Just wanted to post am update. Still around and thinking it's time to update the site. Get more up to date things represented too for all projects. To think.. was here for so long before smartphones could play an emulator! Anyways as always can join in discord for live chat. :)

Still around! Looking to convert site to "Sega Cd" in general. - 25 April , 2018 Posted by Mysticales With all the emulators out there.. and oddly still not perfection in Sega Cd emulators. Thinking to overhaul this site a lil to add emulators for all platforms regarding Sega Cd. This could mean Retroarch, Sega Cd on Xbox, etc. Think if we had one place to go.. that could be a neat idea. If you wanna offer any help. Contact me on discord. (See Forums Link, which while the forums are disabled since I got tired of bots and cant afford a new VB license.. just moved it to live chat)

Forums down atm - 9 April , 2013 Posted by Mysticales Think something on the backend with the server host changed something. Looking into it. So not dead. Just making the notice here. =) Hope to have this up soon again.

Sega Cd on Android! - 29 March , 2012 Posted by Mysticales https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.explusalpha.MdEmu&hl=enJust thought you all would love to know. =) Also side note, been looking for a moderator on the forum. Getting tired of bots, no matter what protection I put in. Some help keeping them clean would be nice. Just shoot me an email.

Forums.gens.me back up. - 21 February , 2011 Posted by Mysticales Sorry didnt know that SOMEHOW the redirect on the forums url was messed up. Its fixed now and forums are still here. =)

Reminder to any emulation site and wiki. - 7 April , 2010 Posted by Mysticales Just sent out a few emails and I edited the sourceforge and wiki site to reflect the homepage here. If you also have a site for emulation or gaming news, please make the mention or edit about www.gens.me Thanks. =)

OMG! New versions and Updates? - 19 March , 2010 Posted by Mysticales On the grapevine, Yes still here. =D I also heard about a D3D version coming soon. ;) May wanna stay tuned!Also reminder, http://forums.gens.me All still there. =)

Gens.me - 27 June , 2009 Posted by Mysticales Due to issues on godaddy I was forced to change the site to gens.me (Which annoyed me VERY much what godaddy did... since this all costs out of my pocket to keep things running..) Anyways gens.me is here to stay. Please if you are a news network website or community to pass the word. The forums, I will be sending out a mass email to everyone to pass the word. Welcome back and lets please get things going again. =)

Sorry for downtime - 11 February , 2009 Posted by Mysticales Sorry about the downtime, Host upgraded and migrated items which caused the site to go down, I didnt know that things were effected. All fixed now. =D

Forum update and conversion Phase 1 - 9 April , 2008 Posted by Mysticales Hey all, I converted from Ikon, it is now on Vbulletin sharing with my setup at darkmystics.com Still tweaking things. However with this update, alot more options open up! =DPlease test, make sure you can login and so and get back to me. Thanks. http://forums.gens.ws should be the url to look for.

Site moving in progress. - 13 March , 2008 Posted by Mysticales Moving the host over, so Gens.ws is the new host (Which is hosted by me with alot more options and abilities that I can manage here) while the original (fully working) http://gens.consolemul.com is the orig. (Which btw we do still thank you Consolemul!)

Sega Cd on PSP! - 22 February , 2008 Posted by Mysticales Ok this I didnt realize, but it was released on Nov 2007. Picodrive for the PSP has Sega Cd support! I know its not GENS or Kega etc yet, however the spirit here was always one community one area for all things Sega cd. Since I know I get a TON of email for Pocket PC, Palm and PSP support so I thought I would report it here too. http://dl.qj.net/PicoDrive-for-PSP-v1.35b-PSP-Emulators/pg/12/fid/15233/catid/133 (For Phat PSP users with 1.50 support)http://dl.qj.net/Picodrive-for-PSP-1.35a-for-CFW-3.xx-PSP-Emulators/pg/12/fid/15193/catid/133 (For PSP Slim users)Enjoy! Ill try to be moving a few things around here shortly too and give this site a lil overhaul to make it more general Sega cd news when it comes up. =)

Forum Update #1 - 23 December , 2007 Posted by Mysticales I have updated the version of Ikonboard. Thats the 1st step. Please check if you can login ok, if the posts are all there that you know of, and if you can register fine. If not, Please email me at mysticales@darkmystics.com

Site/Forum move upcoming. - 8 December , 2007 Posted by Mysticales Hey all, Nope, no one abandoned you at all. Just I had to setup more on my host and then RL is always fun.. There have been some odd things going on with the forums lately which seems to just go to show me its time to move on to better things with it. I am planning with luck to convert them in vbulletin and move to a sql based forum for them within my host. Which then Gens should be much more stable and able to grow some or least have something solid as a home base. =DAnyways, so will be doing this asap and hopefully can get forums converted easily.

New version of Gens32 - 24 May , 2006 Posted by Stef If you're looking for a sort of "updated Gens", don't forget to check Gens32.This emulator (based on Gens) written by DarkDancer is updated almost every week ! Compared to Gens it adds many new (and crazy) features. Check that by yourself here !

Gens 2.14 (souvenir) - 21 May , 2006 Posted by Stef No, you're not dreaming, a new version of Gens is out.But to be honest don't expect many changes from the last (and old) version. See it as a bugfix version.Gens 2.12b accidently added "fake" support of sega CD save state. I just forgot to desactivate support (which was very partially implemented) before releasing the version.With Gens 2.14 (you can get it in the download section), we now have much better support of Sega CD save state (thanks to Upthorn, he did the job here), but it's still not really safe to use it as i doesn't work every time.SGG ENV support was desactived from the YM2612 since it brings severals bugs in the core unfortunatly.Some others minors stuff were modified, consult the history file to know more about them.This version is provided by DarkDancer (Thanks ;))To be honest i don't work myself anymore on the old sources of Gens.I started a complete rewrite of Gens sometime ago, i don't have many free time but i won't give up on that piece ;) Just be patient :)

Happy April fools day! - 1 April , 2006 Posted by Mysticales Unlike last year and so.. I wont be shutting down forums, site etc. =p Anyways, yea, I am still around, sorry dont post much, just rl work.. doing 10am - 10pm and then when I get home I am tired. =( Ok listen up I am humoring website designs for GENS. Nothing fancy, nothing that requires SQL. Reason I say that is, if I ever had to upload and restore the site, I rather be a quick upload and go to have it running. Always worked for me. If you have some designs you wish to share. email me at Mysticales@darkmystics.com lets see if we can touch this up some. =) Just sorry I havent got around to it time wise. =(((

Interesting cable mod to use your PC as a Sega controller. - 15 November , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hey all, just found this. http://segacon.hacking-cult.org/Made by joreofiorio35 who IMed me it, said its not too much of a hack, but its something interesting none the less incase anyone here wants to try it and make something more of it. =)

Some news - 20 August , 2005 Posted by Stef Gens is now in a sort of "complete rewrite", old sources 2.12b becomes a big mess to maintain and i think it's time to clean all that. Of course you can't expect a new version soon. Even worse, the next version won't have more features that current 2.12b... some will probably miss and others will be added.I can't say exactly what will happen, but i'm actively working on Gens :)I uploaded a new version of Starscream (0.26d), it was sitting on my hard disc from a long time now. Get it in the download section.

GENS makes it into retrogaming.net magazine! - 27 June , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Wow.. I was at Barnes and Noble last night. I look around at the PC mags and so, well, I saw something new.. Retrogaming magazine. It said the cd had alot of emulators.. I look at the back of the book, GENS, AGES, KGen, etc were all listed and GENS was listed as the best one! Was like wow.. I dont rem if someone contacted me before about publishing this in a magazine.. I know I had some people before talk about things.. but not sure if these people were one of them. But anyways, just thought I would pass a thank you to retrogaming.net for putting GENS in their issue. =)

A special day. - 13 June , 2005 Posted by Stef Today is one special day : my girlfriend and i have been together for just one year. This message is for her, to say how much i love her. I love you Anais :)

Some news - 30 April , 2005 Posted by Stef Just to say i'm back working on Gens less or more actively depending of my free time.We're modifying the main structure which really need it (just see open source project). Severals ports (linux and BeOS) has their own tree and we need to unify that to make things easier and faster.To be honest, you'll have to wait sometime again before seeing a new version, but it'll arrive for sure :)I removed the donation link which was here just for site maintenances stuff as Domain Name.Sincerely thanks to all the donators !Gens site is now http://www.gens.ws (WS means WebSite, unfortunatly all others common extension were already used).Altough http://gens.consolemul.com still does it of course.Something else i want to add, here's an easy way to support me and we can also bring you some moneys : you can get paid just by "using search engine" :) there is no craps, some people were already paid. Just by doing 50 searchs by day you can earn about 30$ in a month without referal. With a single referal you can already earn until 60$ by month ! until 90$ with 2 referals... More you do search, more you earn :)You need to subscribe a StormPay account for begin paid.PayPup (referal number : 32335)By using my referals numbers and doing searchs on this site, you can make me earn some moneys and that's always appreciated :)

Happy Aprils fools! - 2 April , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hey all to all you who saw, the GENS 3.00 was just a joke file, not a virus or anything, just a joke program to get you on Aprils fools. =) Hope most of you dont wanna kill me now. =p

GENS 3.0 Launch! - 1 April , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hey all! Stef has finally released the long awaited GENS 3.0! You knew of it from the beta and today is the day it comes to you!Updates include:- Better SMS Support- Fixes to the core for improved speed- OpenGL/D3D Support- More realistic sound (Fixes for like sound FX)- Improved netplay clientand- Better file handling...For the specs and update list read the readme file!To grab this:GENS 3.0 (Self Extracting exe)Enjoy! ^_^vPlease make any bug comments or so on the forums. Thanks. =)

http://www.genesisproject-online.com/ - 10 March , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hey everyone! Red5 is finally back in action and revived his site full of old manuals from Sega games, game genie codes and more!http://www.genesisproject-online.com/So head on over there and see all the old things you have missed!

Testing some new stuff - 25 February , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hey all, just testing some new news posting abilities.. ones that can be tracked on sourceforge and here as well as allow sourceforge devs to be able to post news here too and make it easy for you all to know what is what. Edit: Well maybe not on the mirror yet... (remote page news reading)Also fyi: http://gens.sourceforge.net is up and running abit, its a stand alone mirror, so if something goes on here.. you can zoom on by there and look for a news post if something major is up or just FYIs. (Sorry, doubt ill install the forums there, even though I could. But thats tad redundant)Also remember www.gens.ws is also online, so chances are if the site is down, Ill have updated the gens.ws url to point where we are up and running. =)

New url online! www.gens.ws - 15 February , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hello everyone! Thanks to you all, our new url is online! its http://www.gens.ws Currently it points to here, however that should change soon also to try to keep both urls active so in case a site or someone remebers the old one. So keep that book mark in mind, because if the host ever goes down or so, rest assured, we will point the url name elsewhere to minimize downtime.Thanks again to all who have donated to make this possable! =) Keep a eye out for a new site layout soon, hopefully you will enjoy that as well. =)

GENS 2.12b released! - 15 February , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hello everyone a new release is out! This one is from the new source files and includes some misc bug fixes. No new features have been added in this version. However its only a start of things to come for GENS and the new SourceForge team! =)Get it here! Gens 2.12b (current source release)Fixes:* Fixed a display corruption/flickering bug with DirectX that would often occur when switching between windowed and full-screen. * Fixed a bug in regards to restoring windowed state (minimized/maximized/etc) when switching between windowed and full-screen; sometimes Gens would not switch out of full-screen properly. * New build process for win32 version, using MS VS.NET (VC70) with performance optimizations. Resulting binary is larger, but runtime performance appears better. Probably runs more smoothly on slower machines.

Big book of Game Genie codes added! Also Thanks to donators! - 7 February , 2005 Posted by Mysticales I added Red5's old Big book of Game Genie codes to the download page, so I hope that will help ALOT of you. =)Also thanks to all who have donated so far! This helps alot! Now just need to figure out the url domain we will go with and then we will be set for a long time! =) Thanks to you all who are helping make this possable!

New GENS Beta for everyone who donates! - 1 February , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hello all, as you know we started to ask for some donations. This is just to help pay for a new domain as well as allow you to show your thanks to Stef for all the hard work he has done!However we dont want you to go away empty handed! Thats right! Everyone who dontates.. even if its only 2$ will be allowed access to a new forum as well as the NEW GENS beta that has started to come to life! You will be able to contact the author, tech support and offer advice and help be a part of the new BETA and help make it a success! Also your forum username group will be updated also with a icon to show that you have donated!Special thanks goes out to Denzilla who was our first to donate! Open BETA will not be launched at this time yet. Open BETA will be annouced at a later date. So if you want to get in on the new action. Please donate! Helps Stef out. =DFeel free to join us in the forums to talk about this.Topic 1Topic 2

Gens is not dead - 28 January , 2005 Posted by Stef No, Gens is not dead, it was just asleep for a long time.I don't say much, i can't say much for now... just be patient :)You'll have more infos later.

More on support. - 27 January , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hey all, some confusion has been going on with the new stuff. Ok well 1. GENS is being worked on and a new thing is coming soon. =D Next off, added a paypal button, so please help out in any way you can, GENS will always stay free, however to those who help.. something good will come to you. Even if its only 1$ heh. Maybe like a BETA that is being worked on? ;)So far the domain that seems to have the higher vote is gens.md however please visit our forums and vote yourself. =) Domain is nice incase the host ever goes down and we need to move the site to a backup or anything so you will never be down, also for the support to the author and everything else that goes on. =) But keep a eye out... more changes coming soon! =)

Looking for support on a new domain and community effort! =) - 26 January , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hello all, 1st Stef and I would like to thank all who made GENS come this far as well as every other author out there who was a big role in the Sega cd emu game. Now, we are looking for community support in getting us a new TRUE domain as well as any misc things we want to do that need some small funding. More support = More features or longer life of the domain/hosting. We are not asking for anything major as the domain alone only costs 9$ a year. So if 3 people pay 10$ donation.. thats 3 years alone paid for. Then trying to see what else we can do here to make this site better as well as the #1 page for all Sega emu and porting efforts to all systems. News, downloads, source, etc. If you are interested in showing your support then please read this post and vote and email me at mysticales@darkmystics.com. Gens Domain/Hosting forum post

Happy new year... - 17 January , 2005 Posted by Stef First, i wish you all a happy new year (a bit late sorry :p).I know the site seems to be dead lately, but i can assure you this is not the case :) hopefully 2005 will bring you some nice stuff... i can't say more right now ;)

Sponsor - 17 January , 2005 Posted by Stef The site is now proudly sponsored by Lik-Sang.com, one of the most trusted places online for import games, gaming gear and other hot videogame stuff. Lik-Sang.com ships the latest import games and systems (including Sony PSP and Nintendo DS pre-orders), thousands of top-notch videogame accessories, game music, videogame toys and figures and other cool stuff. Go here for more.You can save $5 Off $40 at Lik-Sang.com.Just enter the following discount code at checkout: LS-ADB9B98219670ED3.

Hello All, Some updates and looking for a news person. =) - 12 January , 2005 Posted by Mysticales Hey all, Figured I needed to post and say, YES someone is still alive here. =D Basically couple updates, just updated the forums and backed them up in case of a server crash. Right now I am looking to see what projects are open, active and need to be put in the downloads page and so, and try to update certain areas. I am also looking for any published open source author to email me at mysticales(AT)darkmystics(DOT)com to tell me whats up and to see how to get them more published here. Also looking for someone who has good insight and has exp in posting news as well as KNOW whats going on as well to help with the posting here on this site. So keep a eye out over a tad and some changes will be made to show you all that things are still going on. In meantime check out the forums and talk to us. =)

Update to Linux version of Gens. - 22 May , 2004 Posted by Mysticales The change in this version are GUI tweaks, use of GTK 2.4, mp3 playback, joystick improvement.As usual, the sources are available on sourceforge (gens-rc3.tar.gz)Thanks !YabdeoGens for linux maintainer.

Sorry. >.< - 22 May , 2004 Posted by Mysticales Sorry after trying and trying and even having ikonboard staff looking at it, the DB files for the old files are corrupt, this was due to them moving around in the host change etc and restore. =( Sorry. >.< After a month however and people have had time to get back into SeF I will make a backup from that point so this issue should not have quite as large impact as last time.

Forums Update - 18 May , 2004 Posted by Mysticales There is a chance Ill be able to save the old forums from the last point before the hack, So if you see forums acting up, I might be working with it. Also IF this works soon, then that would mean any new posts done in the next couple days, might be lost, but all the old ones and members would be fully restored. So lets hope I can do something. =)

Forums Online. However... - 17 May , 2004 Posted by Mysticales You may need to re register as a OLD backup from 2002 was used and mods-admins will need to email me at mysticales@darkmystics.com to fix your access and get back into the flow. Anything else missing or wrong, please email me as well. I upgraded forums at the same time and imported stuff. Never know if there is a bug that I didnt see. Hope this will get us back on track tho. Sorry however that old topics etc were lost. =(

Sorry.. =/ Lost the old news files. - 16 May , 2004 Posted by Mysticales Sorry about that, in fixing the site, lost the recent news that was posted. Didnt know Stef was manually doing it again. =P Any updates however should be reflected fine again. =)

Working on Forums and Site Restore - 16 May , 2004 Posted by Mysticales Just fyi, Im still around and kicking butt to help restore GENS. My goal? To help restore the forums to its natural order. Wish me luck! ^_^v

Gens for Linux updated - 20 July , 2003 Posted by Stef The linux version of Gens has been updated.The major change in this version is the configurable joystick support !This version should also be more stable :)You get download the sources HERE or on the SourceForge project page.

After Beos, Gens on Linux :) - 2 July , 2003 Posted by Stef I know that a lot of people were waiting that day :playing gens on Linux (without using Wine).Thanks to Stéphane Akhoun and Caz for making it true.You can download the sources on the SourceForge Project page or here.

Gens on BeOS ! - 29 May , 2003 Posted by Stef Gens has been ported on BeOS :)Caz made a wonderful work : joystick, sound, Mega CD and 32X are supported !He used Allegro library for the port, that means you can use the same sources with minors modifications to do a linux version, if someone is interested ;)You can get both sources and binary files at BeEmulated

Gens Sources archives available ! - 22 April , 2003 Posted by Stef You can now directly download the Gens sources in zipped archive format for those which can't use CVS (or are too lazy to do it).Two archives are available :- Gens 2.10 (last stables sources)- Gens WIP (~Gens 2.12a - not stable, for developers only).Have fun :)These archives are on the SourceForge Gens project page which you can access by clicking on the SourceForge logo (right bottom of the page).

Happy Aprils Fools Day! - 1 April , 2003 Posted by Mysticales Sorry about that hehe, Just had to do something last min ;) But also saw Zophar.net had same idea. Anyways, nothing to worry about here, rem Sega loves us unoffically. Its NES that takes everyone down!Anyways, Happy A day. Also for those trying to email me still. Its still down =( Looking into it with the host, something on their end is messed up. =/ Oh well, also news of a Linux port of Gens is in the works from what I hear!Reminder, if you are working a stable and serious Gens version, I ask that you contact me so i can help promote it right. That or help like I been. =) Thanks.

Email Support - 22 March , 2003 Posted by Mysticales If you have been wondering why email support has been slow, Im sorry, been working a few things and also SX (who is my sega email host as well) is doing a DNS change, So give me a few days to work this all out. Please post on forums if you need help fast. =) Tech support via email can be tried in a couple days again, sorry about that!

Gens becomes Open Source ! - 9 March , 2003 Posted by Stef I was planning to modify the Gens project status since a long time now and some recents changes in my personnal life (as a fulltime job) finally decided me.I've less time to work on my personnal project and i think that Open Source can help to maintain Gens alive, that doesn't mean i'll personnaly stop development on Gens...I'm still here :)But i hope that'll help to have extra funsy features added.The project is maintened with SourceForge, click on the SF logo (bottom-left of the page) to open the Gens project page.The project isn't enterely setup, but it'll be done soon...Many thanks to Wonder Sonic for helped me with SF :)

IRC script down =( - 25 January , 2003 Posted by Mysticales Sorry... dont seem to work right now.. www.mirc.com get that, install it, join on efnet any server and /join #tavern see you there.

IRC Chat this weekend! - 23 January , 2003 Posted by Mysticales Saturday, 4pm EST, a open chat for the emulator community, come talk with us. Authors will join us too if all goes well, Either way, the chat will be going on and a netplay session too! We will be using AGES for netplay to give it a full shake down. The IRC channel is #tavern on EFNet. You can logon via this page, however if the page or server gets overloaded, Ill move the server and channel to a more stable online version. We hope to see you there!

SSH2 1.60 released. - 27 December , 2002 Posted by Stef What's SSH2 ? It's the new name of the Gens SH-2 core :)I decided to release this new version which is *much* better than version 1.00Many fixes, many improvements ...Download the sources here

Updated Help File! =) - 20 December , 2002 Posted by Mysticales Ok well I went back to my help file I had made for 1.60 and updated it since Red5 hasnt worked on one in awhile. =/ So here you go, it should cover all basic items including a quick sega cd iso burning lesson. Please note, as of right now this help file has to be manually launched, Not using the in program "help" options. But this should be more then what you need. =)Download: Rev 1.0 Help FilePlease email me if you feel something is left out or needs to be covered more.Merry Christmas. ;)

Reports - 10 November , 2002 Posted by Mysticales Forum was down again, sorry. Anyways just to post the news again and make GENS Downloading easier. Download GENS 2.11 Here

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MD模拟器Gens2.14中文版

最好的世嘉MD、SEGA-CD、Super 32X 模拟器,使用者最多的，兼容性也最出色。

mame plus街机模拟器0.118中文版

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大小：733 KB

系统：Windows

类型：模拟器

发布：2021.07.19

来源：互联网

语言：简体中文

gens | "gens" 的词源、"gens" 的起源和意思 - etymonline

| "gens" 的词源、"gens" 的起源和意思 - etymonline搜索Quick search commandColumnsForumAppsPremium登录登录广告gens(n.)1847年，指古罗马，“部落，氏族，家族（有共同的名字、宗教仪式和假定的共同起源的家族）”，源自拉丁语 gens（属格 gentis）“种族，氏族，国家”（源自 PIE 词根 *gene- “生育，产生”，具有指代生殖和家族和部落群体的衍生词）。同样来自于:1847 相关词汇 gens*gene-*genə-，还有 *gen-，原始印欧语根，意为“生育，产生”，衍生词指繁殖、家族和部落。由此形成全部或部分单词： Antigone; autogenous; benign; cognate; congener; congenial; congenital; connate; cosmogony; cryogenic; degenerate; engender; engine; epigone; eugenics; -gen; gendarme; gender; gene; genealogy; general; generate; generation; generic; generous; genesis; -genesis; genial; -genic; genital; genitive; genius; genocide; genotype; genre; gens; gent; genteel; gentile; gentle; gentry; genuine; genus; -geny; germ; german （adj.）“同父母或祖父母的”； germane; germinal; germinate; germination; gingerly; gonad; gono-; gonorrhea; heterogeneous; homogeneous; homogenize; homogenous; impregnate; indigenous; ingenious; ingenuous; innate; jaunty; kermes; kin; kindergarten; kindred; king; kind （n.）“类，种，品种”； kind（adj.）“友好的，刻意对他人产生好影响”； Kriss Kringle; malign; miscegenation; nada; naive; nascent; natal; Natalie; nation; native; nature; nee; neonate; Noel; oncogene; ontogeny; photogenic; phylogeny; pregnant（adj.1）“怀孕”； primogenitor; primogeniture; progenitor; progeny; puisne; puny; renaissance; theogony; wunderkind。它是假想的来源/它的存在证明得到的证据有：梵文 janati “繁殖，生育”， janah “后代，孩子，人”， janman- “出生，起源”， jatah “出生”；阿维斯塔语 zizanenti “他们生育”；希腊语 gignesthai “成为，发生”， genos “种族，种类”， gonos “出生，子嗣，族群”；拉丁语 gignere “生育”， gnasci “出生”， genus (形容词为 generis) “种族，血统，种类，家族，出生，出身，起源”， genius “育性，生来的首席神祇，与生俱来的守护精灵，先天的品质”， ingenium “天生的品质”，可能也有 germen “幼芽，芽，胚胎，种子”；立陶宛语 gentis “同族”；哥特语 kuni “种族”；古英语 cennan “生育，创造”， gecynd “种类，天性，种族”；古高德语 kind “孩子”；古爱尔兰语 ro-genar “我出生了”；威尔斯语 geni “出生”；亚美尼亚语 cnanim “我孕育了，我诞生了”。广告gens 的使用趋势广告仅供参考，由机器翻译系统提供。查看原文，请访问：Etymology, origin and meaning of gens广告在 gens 附近的词典条目genomegenotype-genousgenreGenrogensgentgenteelgentiangentilegentility链接论坛参考文献链接产品iOS 应用安卓应用Chrome 扩展关于网站作者网站简介在 Facebook 关注我们支持通过 PayPal 捐赠Patreon 订阅支持购买周边简体中文 (Chinese)深色自动浅色服务协议隐私政策Copyright © 2001 - 2023 Douglas Har

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MISC

You can download HERE

the last version of the Gens SH-2 core (SSH2).

Download the Big Book of Game Genie codes (Thanks to Red5)

Codebook Game Genie.

Help file by Mysticales, covers iso burning and backing up info as well.

Rev 1.0 Help File.

I've fixed some bugs in the Starscream 68000 core and i decided to make it

available for everybody.

Download the unofficial Starscream v0.26d

HERE.

Neill Corlett finally contacted me and he allow the distribution of the

unofficial version :)

GENS

Gens Win9X :

Gens 2.14 source

Gens 2.14 win32 binary

Gens 2.11

Gens 2.10

Gens 2.00

Gens 1.91

Gens 1.90

Gens 1.80

Gens 1.70

Gens 1.70 setup

Gens 1.60b

Gens 1.60

Gens 1.56

Gens 1.52

Gens 1.50

Gens 1.42b

Gens 1.42

Gens 1.40b

Gens 1.40

Gens 1.30b

Gens 1.30

Gens 1.20

Gens 1.10

Gens 1.00

Gens 0.99a

Gens 0.99

Gens 0.98

Gens 0.95a

Gens 0.95

Gens 0.92b

Gens 0.92

Gens 0.88

Gens 0.81

Gens 0.8

Gens 0.78b

Gens 0.76

Gens 0.73

Gens 0.72

Gens 0.7

Gens 0.6

Gens 0.54

Gens 0.5

Gens 0.4

Gens 0.39

Gens 0.36

Gens 0.34

Gens 0.3

Gens 0.24

Gens 0.2

Gens 0.141

Gens 0.12 Beta

Olds Gens DOS releases:

Gens 0.15b

Gens 0.14a

Gens 0.1a

These releases doesn't run anything, can just debug 68000 instruction :)

Gens 0.06a

Gens 0.05a

Gens 0.04a

Gens 0.03a

Gens 0.02a

Gens 0.01a

Here's some complete translated (Menu & GUI) versions :

Gens v1.90 chinese (EXE or ZIP)

Gens v1.80 chinese (EXE or ZIP)

Gens v1.70 chinese

Gens v1.60b chinese

Gens v1.56 chinese

LANGUAGE

Here's all the different language files for Gens, just download your language

then put the (unzipped) file in your Gens directory.

For the moment 29 languages are available :

All languages

Arabic

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Charnego

Check

Chinese

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Valencian

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Hosted by Consolemul

Maintained by Mysticales(AT)Darkmystics(DOT)com

Best viewed in IExplorer 6 with 1024x768 - 16 bits of colors

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法语语法-如何正确使用gens和personnel？ - 知乎

法语语法-如何正确使用gens和personnel？ - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册法语语法-如何正确使用gens和personnel？法语Laurine黑龙江大学法语语言文学硕士如何正确使用gens和personnel？gens和personne意思都是“人”，为什么我们可以说beaucoup de gens 或者 beaucoup de personnes，却不能说“un gens”， “plusieurs gens” ? 一起来看看吧Que signifie “gens” ? gens的含义gens这个词的意思是“人数不确定的人”或“笼统意义上的人”。因此它总是以复数形式使用，因为它用作个人，而是用作全体、人群、不同的群体。由于 gens 一词表示数量不定的集体，因此它前面不能有数字形容词（二、三、四等），也不能前面有不定数字形容词（几个、一些）。所以 “un gens”, “plusieurs gens” “quelques gens” 这些表达是错误的。注意gens前可以使用beaucoup de许多, trop de太多, peu de少数, plein de充满, quantité de大量等数量副词以及une foule de一群, une multitude de众多, bien de很多, la plupart大多数, la majorité de大多数等此类表达来说明这个不确定的数量。比如：Il y a beaucoup de gens dans ce bar. 这个酒吧有很多人。Peu de gens sont venus à notre mariage. 只有很少人参加了我们的婚礼。gens是阴性还是阳性？gens一般使用复数形式，那gens是阴性还是阳性呢？事实上，gens会根据使用情况的不同拥有不同的性。我们来细细讲解：1. 当形容词位于gens后边时，gens是阳性的比如：Ces gens heureux. 这些幸福的人Des gens inquiets. 一些不安的人2. 形容词位于gens前边时，gens是阴性的比如：Ces vieilles gens sont heureux. 这些老人很幸福。Les vieilles gens sont souvent bien éduqués. 这些老年人往往受过良好的教育。注意以下几种特殊情况：1. 当位于gens前边的形容词是以e结尾的(即该形容词的阴阳性同形时) gens是阳性的.比如：Ecouter de tels honnêtes gens est un plaisir. 听这样诚实的人说话是一种享受。(形容词“honnête”以e结尾，阴阳同行，此时gens为阳性复数，所以前边的形容词tels使用的阳性复数。)2. 当gens前有多个形容词时，所有这些形容词的性别都由紧接在gens前面的那个形容词决定比如：Quels bons et braves gens ! 多么善良勇敢的人！ (形容词 “brave” 以e结尾，阴阳同行，此时gens为阳性复数，所以“bons”也是阳性复数)3. 当gens带有名词补语（« de lettres », « d’Église », « d’affaires », « d’honneur », « de cœur », « de bien », etc.）时，gens是阳性的。比如：Ces courageux gens d’affaires ne comptent même plus leurs heures de travail.这些勇敢的商人甚至不计算他们的工作时间。4. 当gens前有tous, quels时，gens也是阳性的比如：Tous ces gens seront les bienvenus !所有这些人都会受到欢迎Quels gens adorables !多么可爱的人啊！然而，如果tous,quels和gens之间还有其他形容词时，gens是阴性的比如：Toutes ces bonnes gens seront les bienvenus ! 所有这些好人都会受到欢迎！Quelles braves gens ! 多么勇敢的人！最后的这几种特殊情况在日常的法语表达中并不常见，基本只在文学作品之中出现。但是我们需要理解为什么它会发生变化。在日常生活中，法国人最常用的就是“les gens” ou “tous les gens”，所以不用担心记不住在最后的这几种特殊情况。接下来我们看看personne的用法Que signifie le mot personne ? personne的含义personne这个词的意思是“人”或“个人”。与gens这个词不同，personne这个词可以使用单数和复数。当personne用作单数时，代表了一个独立的个体，换句话说，一个具有个人特征的个体。比如：La personne de droite 右边那个人Une personne blonde 一个金色头发的人当personne是复数形式时，它定义了一个集体中的一组个体。因此“personne”这个词经常与形容词一起使用，以进一步定义这组个体比如：Les personnes âgées 上了年纪的人Les personnes qui râlent 爱抱怨的人personne是阴性还是阳性？名词“personne”在表示“个体”时是阴性的。我们说“une personne一个人”。比如：Cette personne est très gentille. 这个人非常友好。Ces gentilles personnes m’ont aidé. 这些友好的人帮助了我。如果“personne”用作泛指代词，与ne 连用时，表示“没有人”，我们将其默认为阳性单数形式。比如：Personne n’est venu m’aider. 没有人来帮我Personne n’a répondu. 没有人回答。看完了讲解，我们来做个题试试吧！Testez-vousComplétez avec les mots “gens”, “personnes”, “personne”.1. Il y a plusieurs____qui m’ont contactée.2. Les_____ne savent plus quoi faire.3. Il y avait 100____à leur mariage.4. Je réserve une table pour combien de____?5. Le prix, c’est 30 euros par_____.6. ____ne sait qui sait.7. Les____les plus compétentes pour vous renseigner sont absentes.8. Une_____m’a appelé mais je n’ai pas entendu son nom.9. Beaucoup de____ont peur de l’avenir.10. Combien de ____ viennent ce soir ?答案personnes gens personnes personnes personne personne personnes personne gens personnes[老师介绍]资深法语教师，六年法语线上线下教学经验。法语语言文学专业硕士研究生，法语专业八级，Dalf C1。曾在法国波尔多任教，回国后一直从事法语教学，熟悉各类法语教材和国内外法语考试，擅长各阶段基础教学和考级冲刺辅导。授课思路清晰，课堂氛围轻松有趣，擅长鼓励式教学,根据学员情况定制专属课程。发音地道，了解法国文化和风土人情，课堂内容丰富，让学生摆脱被动接受的学习方式，感受语言魅力的同时掌握语言的应用。[授课内容]1. 零基础~C1各等级基础课。2. 各等级语法课，口语课，听力课，写作课。3. Delf dalf 各等级考前辅导4. 高考法语，考研法语5. 青少儿法语教材可以根据学员情况自由选择教材，比如：你好法语（taxi），北外法语，走遍法国，Alter ego，外教社中学法语，勤快法语等免费赠送电子版教材[上课时间]根据学员时间排课，上课时间自由，绝不出现掉课情况。感兴趣的话，加老师微信咨询吧发布于 2022-03-19 20:40法语语法法语学习赞同 4添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请

法语助手|法汉-汉法词典 gens是什么意思_gens的中文解释和发音_gens的翻译_gens怎么读

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n.m.pl., n.f.pl.[形词在gens前面时用阴性, 形词、代词及分词在gens后面或用作gens表语时用阳性。当gens后面紧跟介词de和表示性质、职业名词时, 为阳性]1. 人们;人ces gens -là 那些人la plupart des gens 大部分人bien des gens 许多人un tas de gens 〈口语〉一堆人des milliers de gens 〈口语〉成千上万人bonnes gens 善良人, 好人gens braves 勇敢人braves gens 老实人de(s) petites gens 小人物jeunes gens 青年, 年轻人Nos vieilles gens sont heureux. 我们老年人是幸福。toutes les vieilles gens 所有老人 [如果gens前形词词形阴阳性相同时, 则gens看作阳性, 如tous les pauvres gens ]rencontrer des gens de connaissance 遇到熟人des gens bien〈口语〉有教养人, 品德好人, 体面人les gens du Midi (法)南方人Il a une façon de regarder les gens sous le nez. 他看起人来样子非常高傲。Il y a gens et gens .〈口语〉人有各种各样。se connaître en gens 识人Vous vous moquez des gens .〈口语〉您在拿人家开玩笑。à la barbe des gens 在之下être gens à 是那种…人 2. gens de 有…身份人, 以…为职业人gens d'affaires 商人gens d'épée 贵族, 军人les gens du spectacle 戏剧界人士les gens de lettres 文人, 作家gens de robe 法官, 律师gens de maison 仆人gens de sac et de corde 坏蛋, 无恶不作人 3. 〈旧语，旧义〉手下, 随从;同一组织人, 同一方人Tous nos gens sont arrivés. 我们人都到了。4. droit des gens 际法n.f.(古罗马)氏族常见用法des gens bien 好人infinité de gens 无数人quantité de gens 很多人des gens civilisés 有教养人une multitude de gens 许多人bien des gens sont venus 很多人来了inviter des gens de l'extérieur 从外面邀请一些人les gens qui nous entourent 在我们周围人les gens s'entassent dans le métro 人们挤在地铁里je ne discute pas avec des gens de votre espèce 我不和你们这类人争论peu de gens fréquentent ce magasin 很少人常去这个商店les gens au nom desquels je parle 我以其名义讲话那些人il y avait un tas de gens à sa soirée 他晚会上有许多人tu ne devrais pas cataloguer les gens si vite 你不应该这么快就把人分类

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助记：gen种+s复数后缀词根：gén, génér, na(t) 出生，种，族近义词galerie, domesticité, employés, maison, personnel, monde, domestiques, type, valetaille, visage, foule, public, habitants, population, personnel de service, habitant, suite同音、近音词gent, jan, j'en联想词ceux那些;gars<俗>小伙子;ils见 il;certains某些，有些，一些;choses事;êtres房屋内部布局;les他们;plupart大多数，大部分;beaucoup很，很多;eux他们，它们;villageois村民，村里人;

法语例句库

Il y a plus de gens maintenant.现在人更多了。Tu ne devrais pas cataloguer les gens si vite.你不应该这么快就把人分成三六九等。Chaque année, le Salon de l'Automobile attire beaucoup de gens.每年，汽车展览会都吸引了很多人前来观看。En été, il y a beaucoup de gens sur la plage.夏天,海边有很多人。C'est étrange comme les gens préfèrent travailler plutôt que finir leurs études.比起完成学业，人们更愿意参加工作，这现象真是奇怪极了。On doit faire attention aux gens avant de libérer la corde de l'arc.在松开弓弦之前，我们应该要注意其他人。Il y a plein de gens dans cette pièce这个房间里满是人。Les gens de ce pays sont tous sympatiques.这个家人都很热情。Il y avait un tas de gens à sa soirée.他晚会上有许多人。Une longue file de gens s'aligne devant la porte.一长串人排在门前。Bien des gens sont venus.来了不少人。Les gens âgés sont heureux.老年人很幸福。Les gens utilisent les matelas sur leurs lits pour bien dormir.人们在床上使用床垫是为了能睡得香。Les gens font la queue devant le guichet pour acheter leurs billets.人们在窗口前排队为了买票。Les gens aiment bien prendre des photos pour immortaliser les moments mémorables.人们喜欢拍下一些照片来纪念那些难忘瞬间。Les éléphants sont tellement doux, pourquoi les gens les chassent pour leur ivoire ?大象很温柔，为什么人们要为了象牙去捕猎它们呢？Je souhaite que les gens de l'avion MH370 soient trouvés, ainsi soit-il.我祈祷马航MH370上面人们可以被找到，但愿如此。Des voitures ramènent les gens rentrer .车流不息，来来往往应该都是回家吧。Ces tasses ébréchées ont blessé les gens.这些茶杯碎片弄伤了人。Vivent les gens qui aiment la vie!热爱生活人万岁！声明：以上例句、词性分类均由互联网资源自动生成，部分未经过人工审核，其表达内亦不代表本软件观点；若发现问题，欢迎向我们指正。显示所有包含 gens 的法语例句

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A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), GENS

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890),

GENS

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890)

William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed.

("Agamemnon", "Hom. Od. 9.1", "denarius")

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GABINUS CINCTUS - GUSTA´TIO

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GABINUS CINCTUS

GAESUM

GA´LEA

GALERI´CULUM

GALE´RUS

GALLI

GA´LLICAE

GALLIN´ARIUM

GAME´LIA

GA´MORI

GAMOS

GA´NEA

GAU´SAPE

GELEONTES

GELOTOPOII

GEMMA

GENE´SIA

GE´NIUS

GENOS

GENS

GENTI´LES

GENTILITAS

GEO´MORI

GERAERAE

GE´RANOS

GERMA´NI

GEROU´SIA

GERRON

GLADIATO´RES

GLA´DIUS

GLANDES

GNOMON

GOMPHI

GORGY´RA

GRADUS

GRADUS COGNATIO´NIS

GRAECO´STASIS

GRA´MMATEUS

GRAMMATOPHYLA´CIUM

GRAPHE

GRAPHIA´RIUM

GRAPHIS

GRA´PHIUM

GRASSATORES

GREGORIA´NUS CODEX

GRIPHUS

GROMA

GROSPHOS

GUBERNA´CULUM

GUSTA´TIO

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GABINUS CINCTUS - GUSTA´TIO

GABINUS CINCTUS

GAESUM

GA´LEA

GALERI´CULUM

GALE´RUS

GALLI

GA´LLICAE

GALLIN´ARIUM

GAME´LIA

GA´MORI

GAMOS

GA´NEA

GAU´SAPE

GELEONTES

GELOTOPOII

GEMMA

GENE´SIA

GE´NIUS

GENOS

GENS

GENTI´LES

GENTILITAS

GEO´MORI

GERAERAE

GE´RANOS

GERMA´NI

GEROU´SIA

GERRON

GLADIATO´RES

GLA´DIUS

GLANDES

GNOMON

GOMPHI

GORGY´RA

GRADUS

GRADUS COGNATIO´NIS

GRAECO´STASIS

GRA´MMATEUS

GRAMMATOPHYLA´CIUM

GRAPHE

GRAPHIA´RIUM

GRAPHIS

GRA´PHIUM

GRASSATORES

GREGORIA´NUS CODEX

GRIPHUS

GROMA

GROSPHOS

GUBERNA´CULUM

GUSTA´TIO

GUTTUS - GYNAECO´NOMI

I, J

U, V

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GENS

GENS The word gens, connected

etymologically with geno and gigno, signifies primarily an aggregate of individuals

forming a political union and sprung from a common source. It is thus

applied either to the whole or to part of a community, in either case with

special reference to common descent. Nationality is defined by Cicero

(de Off. 1.17, 53) as consisting in community [p. 1.907]of gens, natio,

lingua; and in this sense of common origin, the most marked

characteristic of a distinct nationality, it is constantly applied to whole

peoples, as in the expressions gens Numidarum, gens

Aegyptiorum, and in the juristic formula of jus gentium. The word may, however, denote a narrower form of

common descent than that implied in nationality. Wider than the union of the

family, and narrower than the bonds of the state or tribe, the gens at Rome

was a social union which had, as its theoretical basis, the notion of

descent from a common ancestor. The juristic theory of the gens may be

expressed by saying that all the individuals constituting it would, if their

descent could be traced far enough upwards, have ultimately come within the

patria potestas of this one common

ancestor; and would, accordingly, have borne a common name ( “gentilis

dicitur ex eodem genere ortus et is qui simili nomine

appellatur,” Festus, s. v. gentilis, p.

94). The first of these elements, common descent, was of necessity a

doubtful tie. In most cases it would have been impossible to trace ; and

accordingly it is the second element, community of name, which, through

being taken as a test of the former, was the distinctive and only certain

mark of the right to participation in a gens. Those individuals who could

through this token lay claim to share in a common gens were called gentiles: their relation towards one another and to

the gens as a whole was called gentilitas. The

very essence of the distinction between the relation of gentilitas and the relation of agnatio is to be sought in the fact that, when the common descent

could be traced through all its stages, and the common patria potestas in which it ended fixed, there the

individuals connected by this bond were agnati:

when the common descent was only an imaginary fact based on the possession

of a common name, the individuals so connected were called gentiles. Yet the latter name necessarily includes

the former, only differing from it in being wider and less specific. A

theory which draws a sharp distinction between the two must deny to the word

gens the idea of common descent, which

really lies at the basis of the conception; and is expressed, not only

etymologically by the term itself, but by the outward tokens of the common

sacra, and common right of inheritance, for

which mere community of name, unaccompanied by the idea of descent, could

have furnished no justification. The subsequent narrowing of these terms

gentilis and gentilitas through the expansion of the gens not having been

accompanied by a corresponding expansion of all the rights implied in it, is

connected with the relation of the patrician and plebeian elements to one

another in the Roman state. Originally, however, the expression

“gentiles mihi sunt qui meo nomine appellantur” (Cincius,

ap. Fest. l.c.) must have been capable of being

uttered by everyone who was deemed a member of a gens, and formed indeed his

only obvious claim to this position. This is equivalent to saying that the

Roman gentes were all originally patrician. For the unit of the gens was the

house (familia); and the most important members

of the gens, those alone who would be capable of exercising such rights in

private law as the gens possessed in its collective capacity, would be the

patres or full heads of households.

Assuming the truth of the most probable account of the origin of the Roman

patriciate,--namely, that it represented those who were originally the sole

full members of the Roman state, and who alone possessed the status of

patres (whence patricii, Mommsen, Staatsr. 3.13),--it follows

that the Roman gentes were, as represented by tradition, originally

exclusively patrician, and that the terms gentilis and gentilitas connoted a

perfect equality of status among the members of the several familiae forming the gens. The restricted meaning

which these words came to have in the Roman civil law originated with the

evolution of the later plebeian rights. To the original gentes of Rome,

those formed by the association of patres

properly so called, there had from the first been attached a heterogeneous

mass of half-free residents in Rome. An element in the state, but yet not in

the strict sense a part of the state, these plebeians lived in a state of

protected freedom, and in a partial dependence on the full citizens who

alone constituted the gens. In this body two main elements may be

distinguished: foreigners who had come to Rome on the jus

exsulandi; emancipated slaves and their descendants [PLEBS]. Amongst this body there was clearly the

same capacity for distinction as that which in the patrician aggregate

formed the ground of division into gentes. There were groups of individuals

who bore a common name and owned a common descent; and the common name and

common descent would become more marked as years went on. Their original

unity might only have been the unity of dependence on a common patrician

house, but, as plebeian rights as such came to be recognised in

contradistinction to patrician, the unity of name and blood in the former

would be as distinct as its unity in the latter; and the original dependents

on the patrician gens would form a stirps of

their own. In the case of the patrician gens on which they were dependent

wholly dying out, the plebeians who bore this name would be the sole

representatives of the gens. But sometimes, as in the case of the Claudii,

the patrician gens might stand side by side with the plebeian stirps, and it is in these circumstances that the

question as to the applicability of the terms gentilis and gentilitas originated.

That a patrician Claudius would have been a gentilis, not only to the

members of his own order, but to the plebeian Claudii who bore his name, is

clear. The question is, whether the reverse was true, whether a plebeian

Claudius Marcellus could claim to be a gentilis. The answer is probably in

the affirmative, so far as concerned the plebeians as a whole. That certain

members of the plebeian order were excluded from gentilitas appears in the definition of this term by

Scaevola, as quoted by Cicero (Top. 6, 29). The requirements

of a gentilis are there stated as being, firstly, community of name;

secondly, the condition of being the son of an ingenuus, which, as it is distinguished from the condition next

mentioned, has here probably the signification merely of being born of one

who is in a state of freedom, according to the definition in the Institutes

(i. tit. 4, “Ingenuus qui statim ut nascitur liber est” ), and

not what was probably its original meaning, full membership of [p. 1.908]the gens based on the fact that one's remote

ancestors had never been in a state of slavery (Ortolan, 1.17). This is

fully stated in the third condition given by Cicero, “quorum majorum

nemo servitutem servivit ;” and lastly we have the requirement

that no capitis deminutio should have been

suffered by the person claiming to be a gentilis. It is clear that the third

condition which required the ultimate ancestors of a gentilis to have been

freemen would have excluded many of the plebeian houses, which had sprung

originally from emancipated slaves. But this would not prevent many of the

plebeians that had no trace of servile blood in their veins from being

gentiles of all who bore their common name. We find that gentile

inheritances were shared by the plebeian Minucii (Cic. in Verr. 1.45, 115), and gentile sepulchres

shared by the plebeian Popilii (de Leg. 2.22, 55); and though

it is true that from the patrician point of view, as shown by the words of

Decius Mus ( “semper ista audita sunt eadem, vos soli gentem

habetis” ), there would have been no such thing as a plebeian gens,

but only a stirps, which was an offshoot of the

original patrician house, still connected with it by the tie of dependence;

and though the presumption, in the case of the co-existence of plebeian and

patrician gentes of the same name, was ap. parently that the former had once

been clients of the latter, as in the case of the Claudii and Claudii

Marcelli (Cic. de Orat. 1.39, 176;

PLEBS), yet these are not sufficient proofs of the denial of gentilitas to

plebeians as a whole: the less so as the only professedly exact definition

of gentilis which has come down to us does not contain a sufficient number

of restrictive conditions to exclude all the plebeian elements in the state.

Any attempt to understand the nature of the Roman gens and the theory on

which it rested can only be made by comparing it with the other subdivisions

of the Roman people. As has been stated above, the gens rested in theory on

a natural basis. It represents the widest limits of blood-relationship

possible. The gens, then, is intimately connected with those other units,

the familia and agnati, that rest on the basis of kinship. Its distinction from

these is the distinction between wider and narrower groups, not between

included and excluded elements respectively; the fact being that, as Ortolan

states it, the members of a gens might stand to one another in the relation

of agnati, gentiles, and cognati, while they possessed a common genealogy, whether

natural or civil, peculiarly their own (Ortolan, iii. tit. 2.1032). The

attempt to construct the gens, as Niebuhr did, by an exclusion of these

family groups, ends necessarily in making the gens an important political

factor in the Roman community, and tracing its origin to the requirements

not of private but of public life. “The numerical scale of the

gentes,” says Niebuhr (Hist. Rome, i. p. 319),

“is an irrefragable proof that the Roman gentes were not more

ancient than the constitution, but corporations formed by a legislator

in harmony with the rest of his scheme;” and he further held (ib.

p. 333) that the gens voted as one in the Comitia Curiata, basing his

conclusion on a doubtful expression of Laelius Felix (ap. Gell. xv 27), who

says, “Cum ex generibus hominum suffragium feratur, curiata, comitia

esse,”

genus being taken as an equivalent, as it not

unfrequently is, to gens. To maintain that the

gens was a political union without blood-relationship or connexion through

the patria potestas (Niebuhr, Hist.

Rome, i. p. 314) is to bring it into closer relation with the

curia and the. tribus than with the family: to make it a definitely artificial

and not a quasinatural association, and to give it a political importance

which there is little evidence to, show that it ever possessed. The small

amount. of corporate action possessed by the gens, and. the utter absence of

representative power characterising it, which will be touched on

subsequently, lead us to suspect that it never could have been an important

political factor in the state. Its rights are those of private not of public

law, and there are but two exceptions to, this general principle, one an

apparent exception, that rests on traditional accounts,--namely, the

political distinction with which the traditional history presents us,

between the gentes majores and the gentes minores; the other a real exception, that

rests on modern conjecture, and which is contained in the theory that at one

time the gentes were represented in the senate, or at least made the basis

for its formation. The distinction between gentes

majores and gentes minores is one

that existed within the original patrician gentes. It is said to have

originated,. in the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, with the reception of fresh

members into the body of the. patrician senate (Cic. de Repub. 2.20, 36; Liv.

1.35, 6), the members now received

being called the patres majorum gentium as

opposed to the patres minorum gentium or

original members ; and it is further stated that there was a difference of

rank observed within the senate between the older and later members, the

former-having precedence in debate (Cic. de Repub. l.c.

“majorum gentium quos priores sententiam rogabant” ). If we

accept this account as historically true, it furnishes no real evidence that

the senate was ever organised on the basis of the gentes, or that a

difference in grade in the gentes caused a difference in grade in the senate

The more probable conclusion is, that the senate had in the earlier regal

period been composed of patres chosen from the

original full members of the Roman state, from the first gentes therefore

that formed this body; that, after the arrival and settlement of fresh

gentes, a conservatism was still observed, the patres who entered the

senate, no doubt on the nomination of the king, being chosen from this body;

that at a later period, which tradition puts in the reign of Tarquin, the

advisability was felt of a more unfettered choice of patres; and that

consequently these were chosen from the newer gentes. The titles majores,

minores applied to these gentes may simply

denote their comparative antiquity; but it is possible that the titles may

have arisen, as Cicero suggests in the passage of the de

Republica, from the respective positions their members had

within the senatorial body. The patres now chosen would have a less favoured

position as compared with the older patres, and this position would reflect

on the position of the gentes to which they belonged; so that, so far from a

difference of political position in the gentes giving rise to a difference

of position in [p. 1.909]the senate, the case would be

precisely the reverse; and the gentes would only accidentally possess this

reflected political character. The memory of this distinction had not died

out down to a late period of the Republic, and probably lasted as long as

the patrician gentes themselves. We are told by Cicero that the patrician

Papirii belonged to the minores gentes

(ad Fam. 9.21, 2), the only name we know as belonging to

this category. The names of the gentes majores

are not mentioned, but Mommsen conjectures that they may be those who

furnished principes senatus, such as the

Aemilii, Claudii, Cornelii, Fabii, Manlii, and Valerii

(Staatsr. 3.31; Forsch. 1.259).

The theory that the gentes originally formed the basis of representation in

the Roman senate originates mainly with the consideration of the close

correspondence of numbers between the gentes and the senate. The full

numbers of both. are given by tradition as 300; while the symmetrical

divisions of the gentes into the 30 curiae, 10 to each, and of the curiae

into the three original tribes of the state, seem, if we accept it, to point

to a definitely political organisation. This is further supported by the

theory that the Roman. state was a gradual amalgamation of three domains

(tribus) into one; and the rise of the

senate from 100, its original number as constituted by Romulus, to 300 as

its final number, is accounted for by the gradual amalgamation of these

three tribes with their 100 gentes each, the gentes

minores being some-times identified with the gentes of the

last-admitted of these tribes, that of the Luceres (Ortolan, 1.33); while a

parallel to the original centumviral constitution of the senate before the

συνοικισμὸς is found in the centumviri of the Italian municipia, supposed to be

derived from the same invariable division of a tribus, or community, into 100 gentes (Mommsen, Hist.

Rome, i. p. 73). The connexion of the gentes with senatorial

representation is therefore not without some theoretical support, although

it is never distinctly stated by ancient writers, and it crosses, though it

does not absolutely conflict with, the more probable account that the

senators were nominated by the king. The chief objections are to be found in

the political character it gives to the gens, a character it did not bear in

historical times, and also in the symmetrical principle of division such a

system implies, a principle which conflicts with the nature of the origin of

the gens, which is based not on an artificial but on a natural unity. The

political division of the curia is not into

gentes, according to the best tradition, but into decuriae, which is more probably the meaning of the δεκάδες of Dionysius (2.7) than gentes; and that there was ever a

fixed and normal number for the gentes of Rome, which must from their

natural character have fluctuated considerably, is improbable (Mommsen,

Staatsr. 3.12). Yet that there may have been some

original connexion between the gentes and the senate, not definitely

political but accidental, such as that traced in the case of the gentes

majores and minores, it is quite possible to imagine.

That the gentes had not, or, if they had, could not have retained, the fixed

numbers which the above-mentioned political distribution attributes to them,

is shown by the fact that it was possible for new gentes to be added to the

community, and even for old gentes to quit it. Thus the reception by the

original Roman community of at least six gentes that had once belonged to

the parent state of Alba--the Cloelii, Curiatii, Geganii, Julii, Quinctilii

(or Quinctii), and Servilii--is mentioned by our authorities (Liv. 1.30; Dionys. A.

R. 3.29); and not only were Latin races so received, but Sabine

races as well, such as the Valerii (Dionys. A.

R. 2.46). These new gentes are spoken of as being cooptatae in patres (Liv.

4.4, “nobilitatem vestram per cooptationem in patres habetis;”

Suet. Tib. 1, “gens Claudia in patricios

cooptata” ). This expression probably means nothing more than

that their position in the state was conferred on them by a vote of the

Comitia Curiata, all the constituents of which were originally patres, and therefore the only gentiles; so that the alternative expressions of Livy of

cooptatio in patres and jussu populi to describe a reception of this kind, may be

taken as denoting the same act. This is not, however, to assign any

corporate action to the gens as such. Their corporate action in this case

only rests on the original exclusive participation of their members in the

comitia populi; and such an act would

require, as every popular act did, the co-operation of the Roman

magistrate,--that is, in early times of the king. We do, indeed, get

references to the reception of gentes, to the reception of individuals into

gentes, and even to the transference of gentes from the plebeian to the

patrician order by the act of the curiae or the king alone, as in the case

of Servius and Numa, who are said to have been transferred by the populus

from the ranks of the δῆμος to those of the

πατρίκιοι (Dionys. A. R. 4.13), and in that of a whole gens, the Octavii

being raised by Servius Tullius to the patrician order (Suet. Aug. 2). But in all these cases, if they

are not merely hypothetical, we must probably understand a joint working of

the magistrate and the people. The only mode by which the king or magistrate

could have in any way raised the position of a plebeian gens would have been

to choose some of its members for the senate, as the first consuls are said

to have done (Dionys. A. R. 5.13), but

even this would not have rendered them patrician. They would have been

patres in the sense of senators, had the

word attained that meaning at this early time, but not patres in the sense of heads of house-holds. That the

plebeian community at Rome could at this period have been called gentes at all is improbable; the gens is a union of

familiae, and therefore a union of patres; the refusal of the title patres to this class, the origin of the distinction between

patricii and plebeii, excludes the idea of their union into gentes. To speak

of the plcbeia gens of the Octavii becoming a

patricia gens is therefore an anachronism;

but this does not exclude the possibility of a division of the plebeian

community being “coopted” into the gentes by the original

Comitia Curiata on the proposal of a magistrate. The reception of fresh

gentes ceased, in the course of the Republic, because there was no political

assembly composed exclusively of members who fulfilled all the conditions of

being gentiles. When we get the conferring of the patriciate again revived,

as it was by the dictator Caesar, the power to confer it was received from a

vote of the populus; [p. 1.910]although it afterwards became

one of the privileges of the Roman princeps

(Mommsen, Staatsr. 4.1046). As a gens might be received into

the Roman community, so a gens might quit it.

The only instance of the expulsion of a gens is that of the Tarquinii, and

the decree that this whole gens had forfeited its right to be a member of

the Roman state was passed by the populus (Liv.

2.2, “Brutus ad populum tulit ut omnes Tarquiniae gentis

exsules essent;” Varro, ap. Nonium, p. 222 M., “omnes

Tarquinios ejicerent, ne quam reditionis per gentilitatem spem

haberent” ).

The account we have of whole gentes being received into Rome is accompanied

by the account that the members of a gens originally kept together in their

settlement at Rome. Thus, in the case of the migratory gens of the Claudii,

we are told that, on the reception of the civitas, they received as well a special tract of territory

across the Anio for the settlement of themselves and their clients (Liv. 2.16; Suet. Tib.

1), to be divided up into allotments for the various familiae constituting the gens (Dionys. A. R. 5.40). This at once suggests

an original connexion between the gens and the soil; the fact, that is, that

the unity of the gens was one not merely natural (γενική), but also local (τοπική). On this fact, which there is no reason to doubt, and on

the traces supplied by juristic tradition of the earliest modes of

possession at Rome, a theory has been constructed that the gens originally

held a common ownership of the soil. Mommsen points out that the earliest

names for Roman territorial possessions are heredium,

ager publicus, and ager privatus.

The heredium was the personal property of the

citizen as such, consisting only of two jugera, an amount clearly

insufficient for the support of a family; the permittance of private

possession of this limited allotment is attributed to Romulus (Varro,

R. R. 1.10, 2; Plin. Nat.

18.7), and seems a modification of some kind of original common

possession. The ager publicus is the property

of the populus Romanus, and the ager privatus,

if it exclude the heredium, can only have been

the property of some division of the populus, in all probability of its

natural division, the gens. Again, that the terms which denote individual

possession (manus, mancipium) referred

originally only to movable property and not to fixed property in land is

certain (Mommsen, Staatsr. iii. p. 23), and point to a time

when some aggregate wider than the family was the owner of the soil. It is

tempting to consider this aggregate to have been originally the gens, the

only natural unit wider than the family, especially in view of the later

rights of inheritance possessed by the gentiles. There is little in the

traditional history, however, to bear out the hypothesis. The only one of

the larger divisions of the state to which fixed land assignments are said

to have been made, was, according to Dionysius (2.7), the curia (φράτρα), not

the gens; and in the accounts of the early distribution of conquered land,

the assignation is represented as being made to individuals (viritim,

Cic. de Repub. 2.14, 16), not

to a larger aggregate. If we hold that the gens was once the common

possessor of the ager privatus at Rome, the

mode of possession can only be a matter of the purest conjecture; whether

the system was one of vicarious enjoyment of land allotments, or of a

life-tenure in such allotments, or even of heritable but inalienable

allotments, the alternatives presented by Mommsen (l.c. p. 26), it is impossible to determine.<

But, uncertain as the theory of this original common possessing is, there

were certain reversionary rights of inheritance possessed by the gentiles

which may be a relic of such a system. In the case of failure of a suus heres, a man's property passed to his agnati, and on the failure of agnati to the gentiles. This

order of succession is found laid down in the laws of the Twelve Tables,

“Si agnatus nec escit gentiles familiam habento,” and would

have applied from the first to the patricians who were the only original

gentiles. it is in this connexion that the importance of the definition of

gentilitas asserts itself; and since, as

has been shown, a considerable portion of the plebeians would have been

gentiles, they would have enjoyed, equally with the patricians, this right

of inheritance (see above: cf. Cic. in

Verr. 1.45, 115). We find this right of the gentiles to

inherit in the last resort lasting down to the end of the Republic (Suet. Jul. 1); but it was extinct in the time of

Gaius (Inst. 3.17), in the second century A.D. ot must have

been an inheritance by individuals, not, as may once have been the case, by

a corporation; and the property must have been divided amongst the members

who proved their claims to be gentiles. But the gentiles had rights in their

collective capacity as well. The guardianship of the insane was in their

hands as laid down by the laws of the Twelve Tables, “Si furiosus

escit, ast ei custos ne escit, adgnatum gentiliumque in eo pecuniaque

ejus potestas esto.” The same reversionary rights of guardianship

over women and children belonged to the gentiles (Cic. pro Domo, 13, 15; C. I. L. 6.1527; and Mommsen

on this Inscription, Staatsr. 3.28, n. 1). Such a tutela must have given the gentiles all the rights

of a person in roman law, and it is difficult to see how it could have been

exercised except through some personal representative of the gens. In this

respect, however, the gens is regarded as capable of corporate action--a

capacity of which there are few manifestations in its history. One of these

is contained in the accounts we have of the gens as a whole repudiating the

use of a praenomen, on which dishonour had been

cast by the actions of one of its possessors. Thus we read of the patrician

claudii repudiating by common agreement (consensu) the praenomen of Lucius, because two of its bearers had

been convicted of theft and murder respectively (Suet. Tib. 1), and again of the patrician Manlii renouncing by

common decision (decreto) the praenomen of

Marcus (Cic. Phil. 1.13.32). Such an act

must have been purely a matter of agreement, and must have depended on the

mere will of the members to observe it, since there could have been no legal

sanction to render it binding. The circle of the gens was drawn closer by

the common worship and sacrifices that belonged to special gentes as such.

Their maintenance was regarded as a fact of extreme importance: not so much

perhaps out of regard for the welfare of particular gentes, as from the fact

that if the special sacra of a race died out,

the community would lose the favour of the divinity to which [p. 1.911]they belonged. It is this fact which explains the

close connexion of gentile sacra with property

and inheritances (Maine, Ancient Law, pp. 6 and 27). Property

in the last resort went to the gentiles; the sacra, that they might be

maintained, were a necessary burden associated with it. That the sacra might

pass out of the family was of little importance; had they passed out of the

gens, there was no security for their continuance, and hence the

difficulties that beset the marriage of a woman outside the gens (gentis enuptio), as shown in the case related by

Livy (39.19, 5), of

Fecenia Hispalla, who was permitted, as a reward for her disclosure of the

Bacchanalian conspiracy, to have control of her property and marry without

the gens. For by the old Roman law of marriage the property of a woman

passed wholly under the power of her husband; and with this dissociation of

property from the gens there was a danger of a corresponding dissociation,

and consequent noncontinuance of the sacra. The same feeling is shown in the

marriage of the patrician Verginia with a plebeian, in which case she was

allowed to have no further share in the sacra of her family (Liv. 10.23); and one of the forms observed in

cases of change of gens, such as that by adrogatio, was the sacrorum

detestatio, or public declaration that the individual seeking this

change ceased to claim any participation in the sacra of his race (Mommsen,

Staatsr. iii. p. 39); while, in cases of adoption

requiring a similar change of gens, it was the duty of the pontifices to

inquire how the continuity of the sacred rites might be maintained (Cic.

pro Domo, 13, 35; de Leg. 2,

22).

How peculiar rites became attached to particular gentes it is not easy to

determine. In some cases they may have gone back to the ante-Roman

traditions of the gens, as may have been the case with the peculiar

sacrifices of the Claudii (Festus, s. v. propudi, p.

238), who are said to have entered the Roman community at a comparatively

late period. But we are told that in many cases these sacra were in the nature of acquired cults imposed by the

community on family groups (Cincius, ap. Arnob. 3.38, “solere Romanos

religiones urbium superatarum partim privatim per familias spargere,

partim publice consecrare” ); and, if this were so, many of these

gentile cults would not have had a natural growth, and “would have had

as slender a connexion with the gens as the exercise of his office had

with the person of the magistrate” (Mommsen,

Staatsr. iii. p. 19). The worship of Apollo by the Julia gens

is probably an instance of such an acquired cult. Connected, as has been

seen, with the question of the sacra

gentilicia is the question of the changing of

his gens by an individual. Membership of a gens is either natural, as that

by birth, or artificial; and all the artificial modes of membership, such as

adoption, adrogation or marriage, are necessarily also modes of exchanging

one gens for another. As regards birth, in the time of the exclusively

patrician gentes, and before the extension of the jus

conubii to the plebs (Liv. 4.1),

marriage with a patrician mother, and by the ceremony of confarreatio, was necessary to constitute gentilitas for the

child. This form of religious marriage also necessitated a change of gens on

the part of the wife. Dionysius (2.5）

tells us that a woman married by the confarreatio (κατὰ τοὺς ἱέρους

νόμους became a sharer in the property and sacra of her husband

(ἀνδρὶ κοινωνὸν ἁπάντων χρημάτων τε καὶ

ἱερῶν), and there is some slight trace of her originally

changing her gentile name as well (Plut. Qu. Rom. 30). A

similar change of gens, accompanied by a change of citizenship, must have

befallen the woman who married by confarreatio

a member of another community which had the jus

conubii with Rome. The religious was soon replaced by the secular

marriage, requiring mere consensus on the part of the contracting parties;

and where the confarreatio was still necessary,

as in the case of wives of religious officers, such as the Flamen Dialis, we

sometimes find the assumption by a wife of her husband's gentilitas in a

modified form. She was in her husband's power (in

potestate viri) only sacrorum

causa (Tac. Ann. 4.16). The

ordinary marriage by consensus did not lead to a woman's being in the

potestas of her husband, except this was assumed by prescriptive right or by

coemptio. In this case she became a member

of the family; but that the logical conclusion was pressed, and that she

became a member of the gens, is doubtful, and we must conclude with Mommsen

that the anomaly resulted “of a Cornelia being in the power of an

Aemilius, a patrician in that of a plebeian, even a Praenestine woman in

that of a Roman burgess” (Staatsr. iii. p. 36).

The artificial assumption of new family ties through adoption and adrogation

might necessitate a change in the gens. Adoption by will which replaced that

through fictitious sale, and adrogation, or the definite renouncing of old

family ties by a man who is sui juris for the

purpose of seeking others, were performed, first through the action of the

pontifices, to consider the question of the continuity of the sacra, next through the action of the curies, for

the purpose of declaring the change of family or gens, and the fact that the

rights of the old ones were renounced before those of the new one were

assumed (Servius in Aen. 2.156,

“consuetudo apud antiquos fuit, ut qui in familiam vel gentem

transiret prius se abdicaret ab ea in qua fuerat et sic ab alia

acciperetur” ). A new gens in these cases is acquired through a

new familia. In the case of the recall of the dictator Camillus, if, with

Mommsen, we take the proceedings in the Comitia Curiata mentioned by Livy

(5.46) to refer, not to his appointment as

dictator, but to his re-investment with his personal rights, this would be

an instance of the attainment of a gens, without the intermediate attainment

of a fresh familia (Mommsen, Staatsr. 3.41; ADOPTIO; ADROGATIO).

[Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht, iii. i. pp. 15-42;

Becker, Handb. der Römischen Alterthümer,

Th. ii., Abth. 1; Lange, Römische

Alterthümer, Bd. i., Abschn. ii. (Das

Gentilrecht); Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, i. pp. 306 ff.

Ortolan's view of the relation of gentilitas to

agnatio, differing from that taken in this

article, will be found in his History of Roman Law (transl.),

p. 588, and in the third volume of that work comprising the commentary on

the Institutes of Justinian, tit. 2.1.]

[A.H.G]

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. William Smith, LLD. William Wayte. G. E. Marindin. Albemarle Street, London. John Murray. 1890.

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(21):

Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.115Cicero, Philippics, 1.13Suetonius, Divus Augustus, 2Suetonius, Divus Julius, 1Suetonius, Tiberius, 1Tacitus, Annales, 4.16Cicero, On Oratory, 1.39Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, 18.7Livy, The History of Rome, Book 39, 5Livy, The History of Rome, Book 5, 46Livy, The History of Rome, Book 39, 19Livy, The History of Rome, Book 4, 1Livy, The History of Rome, Book 10, 23Livy, The History of Rome, Book 1, 30Livy, The History of Rome, Book 1, 35Livy, The History of Rome, Book 1, 6Livy, The History of Rome, Book 2, 16Livy, The History of Rome, Book 2, 2Livy, The History of Rome, Book 4, 4Cicero, De Republica, 2.14Cicero, De Republica, 2.20

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